Price Controls & Regulation

Effective regulation of public services and infrastructure industries requires a thorough understanding of the incentive effects different approaches produce. 
Where intervention is justified, it is vital that careful attention is paid to the detailed cost, organisational structure, and competitive characteristics of the industry in question.  As competition and regulation complement each other, economic advice can also help companies and regulators assess the extent to which consumers’ interests are best protected by competition, and define the proper boundaries of regulation. 

Europe Economics has well-developed expertise in advising on price controls

The firm has in-depth understanding of the incentive effects of different forms of price regulation and the building blocks used to set price controls. 

For example, we can advise on: 

Competition assessment

Analysing whether firms have significant market power, and hence whether there are grounds for applying price regulation.

The design of price controls

Advising on all aspects of the design of price controls, including the appropriate scope, structure and duration. 

Incentive schemes

Analysing whether firms have significant market power, and hence whether there are grounds for applying price regulation.

Cost-benefit analysis of capital projects

Assisting with the cost-benefit analysis of capital projects being put forward for inclusion within price limits (or with the review of cost-benefit analysis produced by other parties). 

Efficiency benchmarking

Applying a wide range of quantitative techniques to benchmark costs in order to assess what cost levels are efficient. 

Cost of capital and financeability

Advising on the appropriate rate of return for price regulated firms, as well as on the assessment of financeability. We can also advise on the retail margins that should be allowed for asset-light businesses.  

Modelling risks and rewards

Modelling the range of potential outcomes for the return on regulatory equity (e.g. using Monte Carlo simulation modelling).

Mechanisms to deal with uncertainty

Advising on risk mitigation mechanisms. 

Financial modelling

Constructing, extending or reviewing the financial models required to calculate price limits and test financeability. 

Impact assessment

Carrying out impact assessments of price control proposals. 

Introduction of competition

Advising on the introduction of competition into regulated sectors, including access pricing arrangements and reforms to price regulation to promote competition.

Tariffs

Assisting in the design of tariff structures, including the building or review of tariff models. 

Europe Economics has well-developed expertise in advising on price controls

The firm has in-depth understanding of the incentive effects of different forms of price regulation and the building blocks used to set price controls. 

For example, we can advise on: 

Key Contacts

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Director and Managing Consultant

Managing Consultant

Executive Director and Principal

Price Controls & Regulation Publications

Indexation and Efficiency Incentives for Electricity and Natural Gas Distribution in the Regulatory Period from...
The Flemish energy regulator (VREG) commissioned Europe Economics to support the development of its tariff methodology for the Flemish electricity...
Financial incentives for electricity and natural gas distribution in the regulatory period from 2025
The Flemish energy regulator (VREG) commissioned Europe Economics to provide advice on financial incentives that can be used to incentivise...
Market Comparisons for the future Non-Household Water Retail Market
This study, commissioned by the market operator for the non-household (NHH) water retail market in England (MOSL), seeks to identify...
WACC update for the Irish mobile, fixed-line, and broadcasting sectors
Europe Economics was commissioned by Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg) to provide an annual update on the WACC for the...
Impacts of Covid-19 on Household Water Consumption
This report was commissioned by Ofwat and produced by Europe Economics in association with our subcontractors,  Arup. In it, we...
Critique of Economic Insight Reports on Productivity and Frontier Shift at PR24
This report sets out Europe Economics’ critique of two reports by Economic Insight: A report published in April 2023 on...
Impact of Covid-19 on household water consumption - revised
This is a revised report, updating a report produced in March 2024. It was commissioned by Ofwat and produced by...
Response to Company Representations regarding Frontier Shift for PR24
This report sets out Europe Economics’ response to comments from water companies and their consultants in their draft determinations consultation...
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Review of Approach to Inflation and Input Prices taken by Network Rail
Europe Economics was commissioned by the ORR to review of the inflation and input price methodology that Network Rail intends...
Independent review of electricity benchmarking model for network companies
Europe Economics advised the Danish Energy Agency with an impartial review of the benchmarking model used to regulate electricity network...
Frontier Shift and Outcomes Stretch at PR24
Ofwat commissioned Europe Economics to investigate the interaction between frontier shift and outcomes stretch, as well as to consider some...
ACM return on equity in rail sector
Europe Economics was commissioned by ACM to advise on the return on equity for rail related services for 2022-2026 in...
B-MeX into Business Retail Market
Europe Economics was commissioned by Ofwat to explore the concept and feasibility of a business customer measure of experience (B-MeX)....
International Review of Tariff Structures
Europe Economics, TNEI and Delta-EE have been commissioned by the Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU) to conduct an international...
Cost of Capital for Electricity and Gas in Flanders
Europe Economics was commissioned by VREG Vlaamse Regulator voor de Elektriciteits- en Gasmarkt (VREG) to determine the cost of capital...
Cost of capital for the Water Sector PR19
Europe Economics, along with PwC and Mott MacDonald, provided support to Ofwat for PR19 across a range of areas, including...
Delay Repay Claims Companies Market Review
Europe Economics was commissioned by the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) to undertake research into claims companies operating in...
WACC for Heat exchangers in the Netherlands
Europe Economics was commissioned by ACM to determine the of cost of capital for heat exchangers using the ACM method...
WACC for the Caribbean Netherlands
Europe Economics was commission by the ACM to provide a study to propose a credible peer group of companies (with...
Ofcom Total Market Return
This report for Ofcom sets out Europe Economics’ analysis of the Total Market Return component of the cost of capital....

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